Social Impact Of Technology Information Technology Essay

Social Impact Of Technology Information Technology Essay From the development of Stone Age to modern technology era, mankind is proving best in invention and innovation of new and latest technology. Technology is a system based on the application of knowledge, manifested in physical object and organization form for attainment of specific goal (Volti, 2006). Advancement in technology has changed the existence of human civilization. Its not only the material benefits are being observed, even analytical thinking and outlook is immensely changed. Directly or indirectly everyone is obsessed to technology. As a fact that every coin has two side advantages disadvantages, this truth is also observed in technology. Does technology going in right way or it will ruin our entire society..? Headway in computer technology proves to be boon for whole humanity. First freely programmable computer was being invented in 1936 by Konrad Zuse (bellis, n.d.) than after great advancement of computer technology was being observed till date resulting in palmtops and micro mini laptops with high capability and storage. Compute is nothing but electronic device to carry out calculation and computation along with program accessibility. Firstly the concept of computer was developed to carry out calculation and in early stage computer was with limited functions and user-friendliness. Before computer was invented many of the human force and time was being consumed to carry out one particular task. It was mechanical calculator which motivated inventor to think over the invention of computer with binary system and storage facility. With the passage of time new and newer innovation toke place and first and foremost computer was being former with giant side almost equal to room along with vacu um tube as their electronic elements (encyclopaedia, n.d.) which advances in 1951, first commercial computer was formed followed by entry of IBM- international business machines in history of computer (bellis, n.d.) than transistor based computer was formed with high speed and cheaper price. Integrated circuit technology and creation of microprocessor changes the total outlook of computer technology. 1st program language was formed in 1954 by John Backus IBM (bellis, n.d.). Along with such development a peak time in the history of computer was being observed by acceptance of personal and home computer. The original internet invention in 1969 followed by invention of networking in 1973 changed the stance of computer and computer industries. This creation made a world a global country. Today application of computer is found in each and every field of society. In other words we can say that society is running on computer and computer application. Every single sector and every individual human activity include use of computer. Now a days computer is being use for banking by which you can make your transaction and maintain record of all banking information on tip of your figure. Education is broadly developed with the application of computer. E-learning, E-Classes and E-teaching are enhanced with on-going technology. One can write more effectively by means of a computer. There are tools like spelling and grammar checker, thesaurus and dictionary, installed in the computer. Thus, it takes less time to proofread a written document and also, there is no need to open up a dictionary book to look for meanings of words. Typing is much faster than writing on a paper. If there is a need for reorganizing the sentences or paragraphs, one can cut and paste and make the necessary changes. Thus, overall a computer allows the user to create documents, edit, print, and store them so that they can be retrieved later Computer prove to be good entertainment device, high graphic games and high definition video quality can be experience with that small manoeuvre. Current affairs and latest happening around the globe can be privileged from one click of computer. One of the remarkable achievements is in the field of communication and education. These fields have found a great diversification with the funding of computer and internet. Some of the impossible works in an organization are now possible with bless of computer, production process become fast and accurate. Intranet made transactions fast and prove to be convenient for work force. Weather forecast and future prediction relating to weather are being done by computer and other supporting equipments. Militaries development, safety of life and less healthy issue are being resulted with use of computer. Study of m icro organization and research work for new invention and innovation with advance modification are now possible. Every means of transportation from roadways to railways along with sae way enrich them self with computer technology for more speedy and safe transportation. Cure for diseases and new medicines are formed after doing calculation of computer. Computer has made us life easy and convenient. Social impact of computer on society is really at positive side. Computer affected commerce and it took it to new end. Now production process is being carried out with the help of computer robotic technology is use and accuracy is experienced along with much utilization of time and man force. Even at job level accountability of work by an individual increases speedy and fast out come and much big calculation are done in fraction of seconds. Production capacity increases and cost of production is decreased to a remarkable point. With online messenger and social website now to communicate with any one in any part of the world is really easy. Prior sending and receiving mails from one place to another was taking half and month but now possibility of live chats are practised and this made a world a small country social community website and group are being formed which give freedom to chat and interact with each other and to understand one another society and culture. Effect on environment of computer is among remarkable note. New innovation is being done for preserving environment and its resources, use of paper is being reduced by E-filling and E-mails. Instrument and computer operated engines are formed to control pollution and whether for casting or climatic is being monitored and observed. With the help of computer best affected fields is medicine, as now some of the serious disease and injuries are cureable with the help of computer technology. Heart transplant, bypass surgery, X-rays, CT scan, different diagnosis, heart rate, pulse rate etc. all is being monitored with help of computer (dhavele, 2010). Nowadays, computers are widely used for education and training purposes. In schools, computer education has been made compulsory to spread awareness about computers. As a matter of fact, computers have become a learning tool for children. Also, there are many universities that provide  online degrees, which is very advantageous for those pe ople staying in the remote areas and for the disabled. In fact,  online education  is one of the most flexible and convenient forms of learning. One can take the benefit of such  online degree programs  staying at home without the need of relocation. Computers are also used for training purposes. Many companies use them to train their staffs. With the help of computer has also become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them, or sending them an email, for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face-to-face direct communication from different parts of the world, thanks to the help of video-conferencing (majja, n.d.). Computer is such a device which help and human being in each and every field in most possible way. Computer is such a gadget which is being found in every one home now. Some of the data showing current computer application brought out by conduct of American Research Company are 65% of Americans spend more time sitting in front of their PC than with their wives and husbands   84% of them are already addicted to computers,  52% of PC users take their PC system failure as their personal failure; Computer has changed out life of whole society and has created many convenient facility along with bless type technology in our day to day life. With all the positive effect of computer we can say those computers are BOON to whole mankind and to surrounding society! X=X=X

Enhancing Online Privacy In Behavioral Targeting Advertisement Information Technology Essay

Enhancing Online Privacy In Behavioral Targeting Advertisement Information Technology Essay Advertisements are part of everyday life even if its not a choice. They are placed in every possible physically spot and in every kind of mass media. Advertising has become an important channel of modern marketing [19]. The purpose of advertisements can be brand awareness, brand promotion or brand sales and the method varies based on the media used. Internet media is an important communication channel and could not be an exception; therefore, display banner advertisement has become a big industry especially the latest years as advertisers struggle to approach ever-larger audiences with higher susceptibilities to consume. It is estimated that global online advertising market is valued $40 billion in 2009 and grown to $80 billion by 2010.[5] Yet, people actively avoid looking at online banners [1] and empirical and experimental studies show that advertising messages are noisy [2]. Meaning that people are anointed by the existence of advertisements on web and therefore the effectiveness of the advertisement campaign might be low for people that dislike this noise. A way to measure the effectiveness and success of online banner advertisements is CTR (Click Through Rate). A CTR is calculated by dividing the amount of users who clicked on an ad within a web page by the amount of times the ad was in total delivered (impressions). The average click-through rate of banner ads has been decreasing consistently, from 3% in the mid-1990s to 0.2% (eMarketer 2004). Studies showed that since we are faced with an ever expanding mass of information the  selection of the relevant bits of information seems to become more important than the retrieval of data [3]. The relevance of information is subjective and is related to the personal interest of each user. Hence, the idea of behavioural targeting within online advertisement was very quickly expanded in all countries and is today considered to be a mandatory service for the online advertisement industry. Online Behavioural targeting (OAB) is not a new practice within online advertisement industry; it was first released in late 1990s from DoubleClick to track users across sites and present banner advertisements based on their browsing preferences. [6] Interest based advertising is not a static area of technology. On the contrast, its continuously evolving and adapted to new techniques and methods, aiming to increase the revenues by succeeding on targeting the correct potential customers based on their personal interests. Its evolution combines web mining in data analysis of on-line users behaviour and machine learning in optimizing web on-line advertising [1] Companies in the industry use Interest based advertising as a solution for optimizing the selection of ads to display for a certain user. The selection of ads is based on an interest profile built up during visits to websites within a specific ad network. Problems with behavioural targeting The problem in todays solution within interest based advertisement is that since users have the ability to choose to surf in private mode, by selecting this choice from the browser, it is impossible to gather anonymous data about their interests. In advance, although online behavioral advertising promises to decrease the noise and increase the users interest, there is a great concern and protest, particularly among privacy and consumer advocacy groups [6] mainly because of the technology that is been used. In addition to the general disapproval of the fact that the majority of advertising companies store and use their customers information in a non-ethical way, an upcoming refinement of the methods which advertising companies use to inform their users about their online tracking is expected due to an EU directive issued on 2009 [15]. This directive is expected to redefine the implementation and operation of current methods used for retrieval of identification data, since every online advertising agency should explicitly ask for the users consent before accessing and processing his data. Current technology background As mentioned previously, apart from the fact that current behavioral advertising techniques fail to retrieve the appropriate information regarding their target groups, they also neglect the security concerns. Most of them seem to focus more on attracting users attention and persuade them to purchase without taking into consideration their privacy. As a result, security attacks are highly related with current advertising methods, thus making customers suspicious and face rather negatively the fact that their online behavior is monitored. In this section we will first provide a brief description of the available techniques that are widely used from the advertising industry, in order to familiarize the reader with some basic underlying concepts. Consequently, we will specify which of these technologies are used by some of the leading advertising companies aiming to track users online preferences, how they manage to deal with security attacks and why they still fail to convince people that they perform their privacy protection efficiently. One of the most common techniques used to track online behavior nowadays are Cookies. These are text files created by web sites and placed into users hard disk. When a user is visiting a site this file is placed automatically in a specific repository that each browser retains to store cookies. The next time the user choses to visit again this specific site, he will be uniquely identified based on the information that cookie has stored for him[7]. This information can be related to his browsing history, such as the sites he has visited, the usernames and passwords he provided to log into them etc., or information regarding his systems or networks details, such as browser type and version, operating system he uses or his IP address[8]. Another, relatively new introduced method is Deep Packet Inspection (DPI). It is mainly carried out within the users ISP consent and cooperation with advertising companies, since it uses specific software and hardware aiming to retrieve information regarding the online preferences of ISP customers [9]. This information may include details regarding sensitive private data, such as name, sex or location of the user as well as his browsing and purchasing history. On the other hand, web beacons are often used for behavioral tracking also. They are usually a chunk of code linked to a graphic image that is not visible to the user in the foreground of a Web page. It can be used to collect either anonymous data, and in this case are stored in the cache of web browser or personal information which can be retrieved for example from an email containing the web beacon [10]. The techniques mentioned in the previous paragraph are widely used by some of the most dominant companies in the advertising industry, which aim to construct the users profiles based on the tracking of their interests. In this section we will examine how companies like DoubleClick, Phorm and Yahoo exploit the available web techniques to gather information about their users and how they manage to protect the privacy of them. DoubleClick, which was founded in 90s and managed to evolve into one of the most well-known online advertising agencies was acquired by Google Inc.in 2007. They use web cookies that are stored on users browser each time he chooses to visit Google, DoubleClick or some of their partners (YouTube, Amazon etc.). Hence, they retrieve information based on both general browsing history of the user as well as his searching or purchasing history through specific advertising sites. The DoubleClick Cookie is stored in the web browser as a log file containing the time that the user interacted with the advertisement, the users IP address, a number specifying the advertisement, a unique identification number for the users browser and the url path of the site that hosts the advertisement [11]. As such, DoubleClick claims to use information that dont violate users privacy and dont use sensitive personal data to construct the users online profile. Phorm uses Deep Packet Inspection to acquire information from the users online preferences. It cooperates with ISPs to collect data regarding their customers and uses the existing ISP infrastructure to achieve this. The main procedure it follows is to mark each browser with a different random number and relate it with the 10 most often keywords that appear in the visited sites and as such construct a channel, which is a specific subset of users interests [13]. Yahoo makes use of web beacons and the so called Yahoo Cookies, in order to offer their users more focused to their interests advertisements [14]. They use both anonymous and personal data, but in the latter case they require partners to disclose the presence of web beacons in their privacy policies and state what choices are available to users regarding the collection and use of this information, as stated in their website[14]. As such, they rely on their partners privacy policies to efficiently protect the personal information of their users and also inform the user about the action of collecting his private data. Related privacy concerns Despite the fact that all the previously mentioned advertising agencies offer an opt-out choice to their users [15], which allow them to disable the tracking methods operation, there is a lot of discussion about the level in which they succeed in protecting their users privacy. The greater issue of controversy between privacy advocates and advertising agencies focuses on whether all these companies actually use the retrieved information in an ethical way, and if this information is indeed anonymous. Numerous reports depict that Abacus Alliances, which owns databases containing personal information and is one of the major cooperators of DoubleClick utilize sensitive data of DoubleClicks visitors [12]. Phorm has been constantly accused from UK tabloids and Privacy Protection Organizations to infringe Internet Users rights by acquiring and storing personal information, and has also intrigued EU s interest which has launched several legal proceedings against UK for not complying with the EU security rules [20]. Research Methodology In order to provide an accomplished approach to our research we consider that the most suitable inquiry method is Qualitative Methodology and more specifically the conceptual inductive research process since it this is used in almost every workplace and study environment [17] and covers our research structure and means. Within a qualitative study we can generate data in the form of participant descriptions of their experiences and use literary analytic procedures to produce higher-order descriptions and understandings of the investigated experience [18]. First, we will investigate the dominant tendencies of tracking users online behaviour and create the corresponding profiles for marketing purposes. By looking into the main web tools and techniques they deploy to retrieve information about the visitors of their sites, we will try to find out how they manage to build an overall picture of their preferences. We will particularly examine these techniques through a point of view of privacy concerns. In fact we will examine the ways they claim to successfully use towards protecting the privacy of their users, and in which degree they actually manage to achieve this. This part of our survey will be carried out through a data collection procedure based on three different sources of information: The official sites of these companies, in which they describe the basic techniques that use for online behavioral targeting and what policies they follow to protect the privacy of their users. Articles and papers which discuss and evaluate these techniques, by pointing out the basic points in which they fail to efficiently provide privacy security. Previous surveys and statistics which indicate that either users are not interested in the advertisements they are exposed to, or their distrust to the level of the protection they perceive that these companies offer to them. On the next step, our research will deal with a combination of technologies that aim to collect anonymous information regarding customers behaviour and use them for behavioural advertisement targeting. As such, its goal will be to succeed in providing efficient advertise targeting along with showing respect to the users need for privacy and freedom of choice. On the third part of our research, we will try to testify the acceptance of our proposed technique. We consider that the most suitable way to achieve this is within a questionnaire that will give us feedback for our proposal. Related Research The selection of the target group for this questionnaire was based on the following criteria: The target group should consist of people that have regular contact with various Web sites. This means that they have already experienced being exposed to online advertisements, and as such will be better able to express a well-argued opinion about online advertising issues. It would be also useful that they acquire basic knowledge regarding the common tools and methods basically used to track their online behavior. Of course this doesnt mean that they should have in deep knowledge of the technical aspects of these methods, but rather a general sense of how it is feasible for an advertising company to get information about their online behavior. The above consequently imply that the target group should consist of young-aged people, who are the main Internet users and usually have daily interaction with web applications. For practical purposes it would be more convenient that the target group is easily accessible from us and is also familiar with Research and Scientific concepts. As such, it will be of greater interest to them to take part in our survey. For the above reasons we regarded that the most suitable target audience for our questionnaire are KTH and DSV students. Our questions will deal with both examining their opinion about the effectiveness of our proposal in correctly identifying their interests and defining the level of their trust to the privacy protection that it guarantees. The final step will be to collect and evaluate the results coming out of our survey, in order to reach our final conclusions. Literature references [1] Drà ¨ze, X., and Hussherr, F.-X. (2004). Internet Advertising: Is Anybody Watching? Journal of Interactive Marketing , 8-23. [2] Bharat N. Anand  · Ron Shachar (2009) Targeted advertising as a signal Quant Mark Econ (2009) 7:237-266 [3]Hildebrandt, M. and Gutwirth, S. (eds.), Profiling the European Citizen, Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives, Springer, p.1 (2008) (Profiling the European Citizen) [4] J. Jaworska and M. Sydow (2008) Behavioural Targeting in On-Line Advertising: An Empirical Study [5] Policy Engagement Network The Information Systems and Innovation Group, ONLINE ADVERTISING:Confronting the Challenges. MAY 2009 [6] V.Toubiana, A.Narayanan, D.Boneh, (2009) Adnostic: Privacy Preserving Targeted Advertising [7]: JOON S. PARK AND RAVI SANDHU, Secure Cookies on the Web, IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING, July-August 2000 [8]: Daniel Lin, Michael C. Loui, Taking the Byte Out of Cookies: Privacy, Consent, and the Web, Ethics and Social Impact, ACM Policy 98 [9]: Gabriel Maci ´a-Fern ´andez, Yong Wang, Rafael Rodr ´Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±guez-G ´omez, Aleksandar Kuzmanovic,ISP-Enabled Behavioral Ad Targeting without Deep Packet Inspection,IEEE INFOCOM 2010 proceedings [10]: JOSHUA GOMEZ, TRAVIS PINNICK, ASHKAN SOLTAN, KNOW PRIVACY, UC Berkeley, School of Information, : JUNE 1st 2009 p.8-9 [11]: http://www.google.com/privacy/ads/ [12]: Ethan Preston Law Clerk, In the Matter of DoubleClick Inc.- Complaint and Request for Injunction, Request for Investigation and for Other Relief, submitted to Federal Trade Commission, February 10, 2000 [13]: http://www.phorm.com/ [14]: http://info.yahoo.com/privacy/us/yahoo/webbeacons/ [15]: 2007/0248 (COD), Directive Of The European Parliament And Of Council, Electronic communications: universal service, users rights relating to networks and services, processing of personal data, protection of privacy, consumer protection cooperation [Telecoms Package  (amend.  Directives 2002/22/EC, 2002/58/EC and Regulation (EC)  No 2006/2004)], Brussels, 22 October 2009 [16]: http://www.networkadvertising.org/participating/ [17] : http://www.qsrinternational.com/what-is-qualitative-research.aspx [18]: D. E. Polkinghorne, Handbook of Clinical Psychology Competencies, 2009 [19]: Adams M (1995) Brands of gold. Mediaweek 13:30-32 [20]: OsborneClark.com, International Online Behavioral Advertising Survey, 2010 [21]: Anton, A.I., Earp, J.B., Young, J.D., How Internet Users Privacy Concerns Have Evolved since 2002,   Security Privacy, IEEE, Volume :  Ã‚  8 ,   Issue:1  , Jan.-Feb. 2010  p.24

The Lady of Shallot Essay -- Lady of Shalott Essays

The Lady of Shallot    "The Lady of Shallot," by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, acts as a voice for people struggling with materialism of the industrial age. Tennyson became famous for reflecting the "idealism of an industrious society that was nonetheless racked by deep doubts about its materialism" (The Longman Anthology Of British Literature p. 1908). The curse of the mysterious lady of the poem could be thought of   as the curse of the people subcombing to the dreaded materialism and giving up the Victorian innocent ideals. Furthermore, the lady represents Tennyson himself as he suffered from a personal battle between the desire for glamour's fame, and the need to stay an innocent poet. In Looking at the viewpoint of Tennyson towards Victorian tailed by an industrial society, we can both get a glance at the curse of the poet and the lady of his poem. Before Tennyson became rich and famous, the poet lived in desolation both financially and socially.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tennyson embodied the "Victorian gospel of hard work", as evidenced in the way he "labored patiently, in poverty, w...

The Increased Racial Tension in the USA in the Years 1964-1970 :: Papers

The Increased Racial Tension in the USA in the Years 1964-1970 Slavery had been abolished in the USA in the 1860; blacks had continued to be treated as second-class citizens and to be denied their civil rights. Kennedy set up the civil rights act in 1964 that banned discrimination in public accommodations, in federally assisted programs and in employment. Also it gave federal government new power to enforce desegregation and prosecute voting right violations. In 1965 the voting rights act came along, this ended literacy tests for voting. It also allowed federal agents to monitor registration. These acts improved civil rights but many black Americans were still dissatisfied, they were still a class B citizen. Tension continued between the two races. After the Second World War, it was still clear that black Americans were still second class citizens. Truman tried to introduce some changes but he faced opposition from his own party and many of his ideas were dropped. In the early 50’s schools, only 16 states required their schools to be integrated. There were still problems with black Americans. The average income for a black family was half the amount of a white family’s. This was because blacks couldn’t get very good jobs e.g. fruit picking and car washing. Third of the black Americans were living below the poverty line. Black Americans still had unemployment, poor housing and poor schools. In 1963, Martin Luther King organised a campaign of marches and demonstrations that would ensure maximum media coverage. These demonstrations were broadcast across the USA and the world and many Americans were horrified at the brutality. During the campaign Martin Luther King was jailed, but the most important thing was that television viewers were able to see the outrageous treatment meted out to young demonstrations. Martin Luther King had a dream speech. For many blacks Americans the new laws were not being introduced fast enough. All the blacks wanted are to take what they thought was theirs by right and by force if worst comes to worst.

student :: essays research papers

The Tome is a letter written by Leo to his brother Flavian, which addresses the current scandal within the church. This controversy began with the dishonoring implications of a monk named Eutyches that sparked uproar between church officials concerning the true nature of our Lord. The question of whether the Son of God is divine or human in nature, forced church officials to decide His true essence, while attending the Council of Chalcedonian in the year 451. Providing evidence for the Council, the Tome diminishes the foundation and basis of Eutyches’s argument of â€Å"Two Natures† and offers complete support to Flavian. At the time of its composition, this document was considered an accurate portrayal of the common faith, hence establishing its immense importance to the church.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Leo’s declaration of the Gospel of God and man in Christ appears to be flawless in its interpretation, the tome proves to be vaguely insufficient considering its sporadic utilization of philosophical speculation. This factor is eroded by the dominatingly persuasive and stressed voice of the piece, which is considered by theologians to be â€Å"a fine specimen of the straightforwardness and clarity of the Latin mind† (359). The Tome proves to be both influenced by and later affecting the once youthful tradition of the Roman Liturgy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The actual text is written in the form of a response to a previously received letter concerning the Eutyches’s defiance of the integrity of faith. Once considered a presbyter, or wise elder, his status is diminished by the unwavering opinion of Leo. The disgraceful new standing is based on the proposal that Eutyches is exceedingly inconsiderate and pathetically uneducated regarding his views of the church and the nature of Christ. The letter inadvertently accentuates the importance of redefining Christianity as a product of defense. Leo accomplishes this by providing evidence to counter the argument of the opposing force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leo’s first argument results from an accusation offered by Eutyches and other heretics, which questions the incarnation of the Word of God. In the defense of Christianity, Leo retorts that it should be apparent to all believers that the obscurity of and response to this query can be resolved in the ritual of Confession, the Holy Scriptures, and most evidently in the Apostles’ Creed, which is reiterated at every mass. Eutyches’s complication with understanding the common faith expands to another topic, through which the Tome’s response results in the affirmation of the human and divine nature of Christ.

British Poetry

Restraint, whether in diction, image, theme, or meter can be used as expressively in poetry as bombastic meter or jarring images and complex diction. In some cases, a muted approach toward the formal expression of a poetic theme allows a poet to convey a sense of magnitude and urgency which one might not expect from a subdued or highly-controlled technique. However, British poets of the post-war generation such as Ted Hughes, Philip Larkin, and Derek Walcott exemplify the use of an aesthetic which makes effective use of a subdued and muted idiom.Their example is illustrative if not definitive of this tendency as applies to much of British poetry composed after the world wars. One interesting questions as pertains to these four poets is whether the impulse behind each of the poets' delving into muted understatement is similar or whether each poet sought for disparate reasons a similar style. For Hughes, a quality of stillness and contemplative quietness pervades most of his work, from his first published title â€Å"Hawk in the Rain† through his famous cycle of myth-driven poems â€Å"Crow† and beyond.In â€Å"Crow's First Lesson,† Hughes drives a complex theme (the cosmic nature of love and its role in the creation of the universe) against a linguistic pallette of utter simplicity. The words are delivered in the cadence of a children's story or a school primer:†God tried to teach Crow how to talk. /'Love,' said God. ‘Say, Love. ‘/Crow gaped, and the white shark crashed into the sea/And went rolling downwards, discovering its own depth. † Here there is a conspicuous absence of complex word-construction or even complex thought associations.In addition to the sing-song cadence and the child-like sentence structure, the images of the poem are those of simple construction: a god, a crow, a shark, a sea. No specific qualities are probed or explored for any of the poem's elements; there is no subjective reaction to the inne r-elements of the poem by the poet, there is no overt confessional element. The muted, simplified construction persists throughout the poem, even through the poem's most complex (penultimate) stanza:And Crow retched again, before God could stop him. And woman's vulva dropped over man's neck and tightened. The two struggled together on the grass. God struggled to part them, cursed, wept– At this point the poem can be said to have progressed out of its childlike facade and into its more difficultly explicated themes regarding cosmic creation, sex, love, and the relationship between men and women, and also men and women and God.The most obvious reason for Hughes' use of a muted, simplified construction in â€Å"Crow's First Lesson† is to forward the sense of new-beginnings. As though the reader is being instructed in the fundamentals of creation and (Creation) as he or she encounters the poems in â€Å"Crow. † The secondary reason for Hughes' use of poetic restrain t in â€Å"Crow† is to convey a sense of sacred respect and grief. These latter qualities may emanate form his personal experience as Hughes' biography, as is well known, is one which contains much personal suffering and grief.Hughes attains a nobility in the surface of the poem which masks the faces of the grotesque which lie just beneath and are most accessible in the poem's closing stanzas. In this way, the construction of the poem expresses Hughes cosmic vision of a universe of â€Å"laws† and â€Å"logic† which masks, just beneath, a procession of myth and archetypal realities which to human conscious perception are often terrifying and grotesque. Similarly, in Derek Walcott's â€Å"The Sea is History† a muted and highly controlled technique lends the poem a dignified and sacred air.Walcott's desire in this poem is to present the reader with a poem which offers as many shifting images as the sea itself while simultaneously preserving the rhythmic eas e of the sea's sounds and motion and also preserving a feeling of entering greater and greater depth as if the reader is being led into the sea and its pacific, hypnotic procession of images. Unlike Hughes, whose main emotive impulse in â€Å"Crow's First Lesson† is one of cathartic grief, Walcott's poem flows with a sense of grandeur and history.It is a far less personal poem than Hughes' in some ways, but in a many ways it is also more deeply personal as a confession of personal vision. Like Hughes, Walcott is ultimately concerned in this poem with a Creation myth: and in the salt chuckle of rocks with their sea pools, there was the sound like a rumour without any echo of History, really beginning. However, Walcott's poem traces back from the modern to the ancient past of time's beginning (leading the reader â€Å"deeper and deeper†) with little sense of grief or catastrophe. Instead, the pervading impulse of the poem is one of embracement.And it is necessary for the poem to mimic in sound and form its central image, the sea, in order for the thematic ideas of the poem, that history binds all times in a single flowing â€Å"sea† of being, to be expressed. Again, both Hughes and Walcott have nurtured a quiet and contemplative idiom in many ways as an homage to and symbol of their hoped-for connection with nature. The muted, contemplative qualities of these poems is an indication of the poets' desire to enter into the same quiet creativity that is often displayed in nature, and also to show reverence for the restraint and contemplativeness in nature:fireflies with bright ideas and bats like jetting ambassadors and the mantis, like khaki police, and the furred caterpillars of judges examining each case closely, and then in the dark ears of ferns It is worth mentioning that Walcott, in the closing lines of â€Å"The Sea is History† momentarily steps out side of the pervading feeling of contemplative discovery and descent into the paci fic depths. In the following passage, the poem modulates to a much more complex and verbally agitated state: â€Å"the plangent harp of the Babylonian bondage,/ as the white cowries clustered like manacles/on the drowned women†.It is likely that Walcott intended this change in diction and pace to indicate an urgency in its historical and Biblical references. While Hughes and Walcott attain mythic stature by way of a restrained and muted poetic technique, Philip Larkin's â€Å"Faith Healing† seems to lament the absence of a working, living myth in the everyday lives of the people of the poem. His vision is one of sadness and lost love: By now, all's wrong. In everyone there sleeps A sense of life lived according to love. To some it means the difference they could make By loving others, but across most it sweeps As all they might have done had they been loved.That nothing cures. An immense slackening ache, Larkins' emotional impetus seems to be one of empathy, providing in the poem what the faith-healer cannot rightly provide in the context of the poem's narrative. The muted and restrained diction, rhyme and meter in this poems helps to impart to the poem a sense of the pedestrian, everyday setting that is the poem's central concern. It is ordinary people with ordinary problems all who suffer who may be redeemed by love. So, Larkin's quietude is in reverence for the redeeming quality of love and nature, but is also a respectful lament for the people who have been left out of love's redemption.This â€Å"quiet† poem masks a deep and rebellious sentiment which lies at the heart of the poem's themes. Larkin in lamenting the lack of redemptive love and tying this observation to a â€Å"weak† religious impulse is, in effect, criticizing the spiritual sincerity of his own society and questioning the value of religious faith as affectation, when the authentic redemptive quality is love, not religion. In conclusion, each of the poets examines made use of a restrained and contemplative voice for the expression of deeply emotional and spiritually profound themes.For Hughes and Walcott, the accessing of myth by way of a restrained and tempered idiom which drew from nature its tone of creative quiet, led to the expression of mythically charged Creation stories. The expression of abiding grief and the identification with elemental nature is also present in each of these poets. For Larkin, the muted and restrained idiom found effective use as a method for conveying his bitter observations of spiritual and religious hypocrisy. In each of the poems discussed both similar and dissimilar motivations for the poets' use of a restrained technique were found.The connecting energy between these poets is one of grief and of identification with nature. The dissimilar aspects are those regarding personal versus collective expression, with Hughes closer to the at the end of subjective confession and Larkin moving toward the universal, and Walcott somewhere in between. The poets' uses of a similar compositional technique and philosophy seems not to have occasioned a similar emotive and thematic range. Each poet chooses to use the muted and restrained idiom for a different purpose,, united in style if not in purpose.

“A Framework for Understanding Poverty by Ruby K. Payne”

The book entitled â€Å"Framework for Understanding Poverty† is a famous book of a former school teacher Ruby K. Payne. I learnt that Ruby Payne is an expert of poverty. She also talks about her understanding of mentality of middle class and wealth.he book has become a text book for poverty workers, teachers and managers of schools to know about the three categories of poverty; generational (for two or more generations) poverty, situational poverty (because of a sad event like disease, death of earning member of family or divorce).The definitions of three poverty types that Ruby Payne gives make sense. The reason of split behaviors, ethics, individuality of three poverty types is stated in financial aspects, she explains   as clearly visible among poverty stricken and is she also covered this identification among wealthy. This approach, that it is not money alone but a lot of other factors have an influence over people, is quite holistic.The book on Poverty written by Ruby P ayne advises that every one in education field from teachers to administrators at all levels of education ‘must read’ the Payne book, which is a boisterous advise. An author of a finance and poverty book can not be so demanding and dogmatic.It could be useful for some having congruent ideas with Ruby Payne but not all will think in her way. It is very useful to understanding the point of view of Dr. Ruby Payne on socio economic reasons and characteristics of poverty.  The good part of her scientific discussion is her suggesting the details of support systems. She suggests focusing on coping techniques, knowing about the various emotional and financial factors that put limitations, and complexities of relationships they hold with similar background social fraternity and then she suggests that the procedural communication and habit of positive talk should be taught to the poverty background students, and how it would help the poor students learn and perform better than their present performance.The Theme of the BookThe book makes us realize the poverty in vivid detail and its entire backdrop of why the cycle of poverty is difficult to break. She emphasizes that poverty is not merely a situation of having less money than they need, but it is struggling in a domain of definite rules, separate feelings, and poor information that prevails over the methods of making   relations and creating a life among poor. The book gives us a useful quiz about survival on its page fifty seventh, which helps understanding contours of poverty.The objective of the book that runs through all chapters of the book is demystifying the myths of poverty with an intension to make us know how to break the poverty cycle.The aim of Ruby Payne appears to be educating all the stakeholders in School education system and education establishments, to make them focus on poor child that they learn in a better way after knowing their social and cultural background and most importantly their emotional mind makeup. This truly helps the teacher and administrators to do a better job in becoming mentors and role models for poor students who emulate them.The process of poverty should be tackled scientifically by training the students certain needed soft skills that poor parents could not teach to their children.The examples given in the book are fantastic such as, for poor, how they learn to look for safety of your clothes at Laundromat, how they engage and entertain their friends and close people by telling stories, and for a middle class person, the knowledge of use of a credit card or library card, earning loyalty from a household employee and creating a veil of seclusion and reserve around for the wealthy.